Table 2

Women's characteristics and intimate partner violence exposure: comparison between partnered women not using any form of contraception, partnered women using reversible contraceptives and sterilised partnered women (not using vs using and sterilised women) (n=317)

	Forms of contraception among partnered non-pregnant mothers (n=317)
	None (n=63)		Reversible contraceptives^* (n=164)		Sterilisation (n=90)
Characteristic	n	%	n	%	n	%
Mother's age in years [median (IQR)]	26.0	(23–31)	25.0	(22– 29)	31.0^†	(27–34)
Residency: Rural	15	24	64	39^‡	22	24
Mother's education: ≤3rd grade	26	41	79	48	39	43
Parity: ≥2	32	51	85	52	85	94^‡
Socioeconomic status: Poor	37	59	93	57	50	56
Any IPV previous pregnancy:^§ Yes	19	30	62	38	27	30
Emotional IPV previous pregnancy: Yes	19	30	62	38	26	29
Physical IPV previous pregnancy: Yes	9	14	29	18	9	10
Sexual IPV previous pregnancy: Yes	3	5	12	7	7	8
Controlling behaviour by partner previous pregnancy: Yes	33	52	96	59	44	49
Any IPV at follow-up:^§ Yes	12	19	61	37^‡	30	33
Emotional IPV at follow-up: Yes	11	17	60	36^‡	27	30
Physical IPV at follow-up: Yes	4	6	30	18^‡	16	18^‡
Sexual IPV at follow-up: Yes	3	5	15	9	10	11
Controlling behaviour by partner at follow-up: Yes	24	38	87	53^‡	49	54^‡
IPV pattern
Never abused	29	46	53	32	26	29^‡
Ending abuse	22	35	50	30	34	38
Continued abused	10	16	51	31^‡	20	22
New abuse	2	3	10	7	10	11

↵* Any method apart from female sterilisation.
↵† Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05.
↵‡ Chi-square (χ²) or Fisher's exact test, p<0.05.
↵§ Any emotional, physical or sexual IPV.
IPV, intimate partner violence; IQR, interquartile range.