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Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is limiting access to reproductive healthcare worldwide. Substantial research gaps remain regarding the impact of the pandemic on access to abortion care.
Methods We performed a cohort analysis of abortion requests made through the telemedicine abortion service Women on Web (WoW) between 18 March 2020 and 4 May 2020. We used binary logistic regression analyses to test the association between COVID-19 as a reason for the help request and reporting having had an ultrasound to determine gestation and/or use of contraception. A subanalysis of Italy, Argentina, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was executed to explore differences between countries.
Results Of requests made during the study period, 43.5% (n=1972) were COVID-19-related. A negative association was found with having had an ultrasound to determine gestation length and COVID-19-related requests. Italy had the highest percentage (66.5%, n=117) of COVID-19-related requests in the subanalysis, followed by Argentina (55.3%, n=68), Malaysia (51.9%, n=41) and the UAE (44.4%, n=75).
Conclusions Almost half the women and pregnant people having an abortion through WoW reported experiencing obstacles to abortion care because of COVID-19. Abortion guidelines should be updated to permit abortion services via telemedicine. This is especially urgent during the ongoing pandemic.
- COVID-19
- sexual health
- reproductive health
- health policy
- abortion
- induced
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Anonymised data may be available upon reasonable request to Women on Web.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Key messages
More than 40% of women who requested an abortion during the study period stated COVID-19 as a reason for using the service.
Women and pregnant people living in countries with a liberal abortion law were more likely to state COVID-19 as a reason for experiencing obstacles to local abortion care.
Women and pregnant people with COVID-19-related requests were less likely to have had an ultrasound to determine gestation length.
Introduction
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) pandemic has a major impact on public health and health systems. Government responses to limit the spread of the pandemic vary worldwide, with different lockdown measurements and quarantine orders affecting access to safe abortion care.1 2 Evidence shows that when safe abortion is unavailable or restricted, women and pregnant people might undergo an unsafe abortion, risking their health and lives.3 Of the 56 million abortions that take place worldwide each year, approximately 25 million are unsafe.4 It is estimated that during the COVID-19 pandemic, 10% of women and pregnant people who would normally have access to safe abortion services will instead undergo an unsafe abortion.5 Consequently, an additional 3.3 million unsafe abortions were predicted to occur in low- and middle-income countries in 2020.5
The Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises (IAWG) states that governments should ensure support for self-management of medical abortion care with remote approaches in order to improve access to abortion care during the COVID-19 pandemic.6 Medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol is 95%–98% effective in terminating pregnancies in the early first trimester.7 Multiple studies confirm the safety and acceptability of medical abortion, also when provided through telemedicine.8–12 The World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends self-management of medical abortion with the use of mifepristone and misoprostol.13
A significant rise in abortion requests to telemedicine services in European countries has been reported during the pandemic.14 Obstacles to abortion care increased generally, including in countries where abortion services are legally available.15 Despite the growing demand for self-managed medical abortion with telemedicine, many countries still reject this form of abortion.15 16
Major gaps remain in the evidence regarding the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on abortion care. We aimed to gather additional knowledge about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion care worldwide by analysing abortion requests received during an early period of the COVID-19 pandemic by the worldwide telemedicine abortion service Women on Web (WoW).
Methods
A cohort analysis was executed to analyse reasons given for requesting a medical abortion through the telemedicine service WoW between 18 March 2020 and 4 May 2020. Women and pregnant people who seek an abortion through WoW fill out an abortion consultation form, and data were extracted from this survey. The survey consists of 30 binary, categorical (multiple options could be chosen) and open questions requesting the following information: data on the current pregnancy, their medical history, and their reasons for seeking an abortion (see online supplemental material). The digital clinic WoW only prescribes a medical abortion to persons with a reported maximum of 10 weeks gestational age. Gestational age can be based on an ultrasound or on the date of their last menstruation.
Supplemental material
On 18 March 2020, WoW added an extra response option, ‘because of COVID-19’, to the question ‘What are the main reasons why you are requesting an abortion through WoW?’.
We collected data from this date until 4 May 2020. On that date, the second Google Core Update of 2020 began, and WoW’s website experienced severe findability difficulties in Google’s search engine: the website had a drastic 90% decline in visits. This problem lasted for a period of weeks. Therefore 4 May 2020 is the end date of this study.
The dependent variable of ‘COVID-19-related’ requests was used when a woman or pregnant person chose the option ‘because of COVID-19’ as one of the reasons or the only reason for requesting an abortion through WoW. The independent variables were ‘age’, ‘contraceptive use when becoming pregnant’, ‘ultrasound to determine gestation’ and ‘country of residence’. The variable ‘age’ was categorised (≤20, 21–25, 26–30, 31–35, ≥36 years).
All the abortion consultation forms submitted from 18 March 2020 until 4 May 2020 were included in the study. Countries with more than 20% of missing data for the chosen variables were excluded.
We performed data cleaning in Excel, a process that included organising the data, removing system errors and duplicates, and coding the variables. After data cleaning, the data were downloaded into IBM SPSS 25 for statistical analysis. We executed a logistic regression analysis to test the association between the dependent variable ‘COVID-19-related’ and the independent variables ‘age’, ‘ultrasound to determine gestation’ and ‘contraceptive use when becoming pregnant’. For the categorical variable ‘age’, the youngest age group (≤20) was set as the reference category.
We selected the countries Italy, Argentina, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for subanalysis to reflect a representation of different continents of the world, with different abortion laws and with sufficient COVID-19-related requests to analyse. Africa lacked countries with sufficient requests, and the United States of America (USA) was not included because WoW does not operate in the USA. For the subanalysis of the selected countries, Italy was set as the reference category. To ensure the reliability of all analyses, an odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. A significant association was found when the p value was smaller than 0.05 (p≤0.05).17
Ethics approval statement
The data were anonymised before they were received by the researchers. The participants gave informed consent to their data being used for the purpose of research before filling in their requests. Ethical approval was obtained from Karolinska Institute (Dnr 2020–05406).
Results
A total of 4962 women and pregnant people completed the online consultation to request a medical abortion through WoW during the period 18 March 2020 to 4 May 2020. The average age was 25.4 years, ranging from 13 to 67 years (ages were self-reported by the women/pregnant people, and were not verified). The requests came from 171 different countries, but Thailand was excluded from the analysis as due to a system error 94.8% of the values for the variable ‘COVID-19-related’ were missing. Table 1 represents a frequency list of the top 26 countries.
Frequency table of abortion requests and COVID-19-related requests received by Women on Web (WoW) between 18 March 2020 and 4 May 2020: 26 most frequent countries
Of all he requests made between 18 March 2020 and 4 May 2020 (n=4962), 1972 (43.5%) requests were COVID-19-related. Of the COVID-19-related requests, the percentage of women who had an ultrasound was 16.9% compared with 24.4% of the non-COVID-19-related requests. Of the COVID-19-related requests, 43.3% had not used contraception, compared with 46.9% of the non-COVID-19-related requests. No significant association was found with age. There was a significant negative association between having had an ultrasound and COVID-19-related requests (OR 0.630, 95% CI 0.543 to 0.733). A significant negative association was also found between not having used contraception and COVID-19-related requests (OR 0.864, 95% CI 0.767 to 0.972) (see table 2).
Frequencies of age categories, ultrasound and contraception for COVID-19-related requests (yes/no) and summary of logistic regression analysis (all countries)*
Frequencies of COVID-19-related requests made during the period 18 March 2020 to 4 May 2020 are presented in Table 3 for the four included countries. Italy had the highest percentage of COVID-19-related requests, with an average of 66.5% during the study period. Women requesting an abortion in Malaysia and the UAE showed a significant negative association for COVID-19-related requests compared with women living in Italy.
Frequencies of requests through Women on Web (WoW) for Italy, Argentina, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates, including COVID-19-related requests, per month, from 18 March 2020 to 4 May 2020
Discussion
This study describes and analyses abortion requests received by WoW during the period 18 March 2020 to 4 May 2020. The negative association between having had an ultrasound and ‘COVID-19-related requests’ indicates that women and pregnant people were less likely to have had an ultrasound to establish gestational length. Their inability to obtain an ultrasound may be an indication that COVID-19 limited access to reproductive healthcare and/or impacted their willingness to seek healthcare due to potential risk of infection. This finding is in line with a study performed by Marie Stopes International in the UK, South Africa and India, which concluded that access to reproductive healthcare has been constrained during the pandemic.1 Another explanation could be that in some countries there was a rapid move to change guidelines for medical abortion, permitting access without the need for an ultrasound.15
The negative association between not having used contraception and COVID-19-related requests suggests that women and pregnant people seeking abortion and citing COVID-19 as a factor were more likely to have used contraception. Research conducted by the United Nations and Sexual Reproductive Health Agency predicted that fewer women would have used contraceptives during the pandemic in low- and middle-income countries.18 The contradictory finding can potentially be explained by the fact that the research population of this study consists of people who probably do not live in extreme poverty. Not much is known about the socioeconomic status of the research population. However, access to the Internet is required to use WoW services, so persons requesting help might not experience financial barriers to accessing contraceptives. Another explanation may be that during the pandemic the ability to have casual sex is reduced due to closure of meeting places and lockdown regulations, as well as fear of infection.19 Research shows that women in casual relationships are less likely to use contraception, compared with women in consistent relationships.20 For some women and pregnant people contacting WoW, contraception failure or failure to access services may have taken place before the lockdown started in their country. Therefore, the pandemic did not affect their ability to access contraceptives yet, and the results of the analysis could be biased as a result, at least initially.
Italy had the highest frequency of COVID-19-related requests of the countries included. Italy was the epicentre when the pandemic began in Europe, and lack of information, movement restrictions, and gynaecological staff reassigned to COVID-19 care might have contributed to barriers to accessing local abortion care.21 ,22
The high percentage of COVID-19-related requests for women and pregnant people in Argentina might be explained by the fact that Argentineans often seek help for an abortion from local abortion rights activist organisations. These organisations were also affected by the pandemic.23
The increase in COVID-19-related requests in Malaysia during the pandemic is in line with a recent report by the Reproductive Rights Advocacy Alliance of Malaysia (RRAAM), which observed a 48% increase in requests for safe abortion in 2020 compared with 2019.24 The increase in requests received by PRAAM started just a few weeks after the lockdown measurement, and are most likely the result of closed clinics and quarantine orders.25
Women and pregnant people in the UAE often seek an abortion in nearby countries because the abortion law in the UAE is very restrictive.26 Due to COVID-19-related travel restrictions, the ability to leave the country to obtain an abortion was limited. The UAE showed the strongest negative association in the subanalysis and has the most restrictive abortion law of the selected countries. Based on the safe abortion care model of Benson,27 in countries with a restrictive abortion law, such as the UAE, laws and policies are the greatest barrier to accessing safe abortion care.
A limitation of this analysis is the short study period and resultant limited sample due to the technical problems noted and the impact of the Google Core update. Also, the reason ‘because of COVID-19’ did not specify the exact barrier that women experienced. It could be that local abortion clinics were closed, that women and pregnant people did not want to travel to a clinic because they were afraid of infection, or another COVID-19-related reason, but this cannot be discerned from the available information. A recommendation for future research is a qualitative study to explore the opinions and experiences of women and pregnant people who used the telemedicine abortion service during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A strength of this study is that it addresses a research gap regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion access. The study includes data from several diverse countries, and thus provides a macro view of the subject.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that women and pregnant people in many countries had reduced access to local reproductive healthcare in order to obtain a safe abortion during an early period (18 March 2020 to 4 May 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of reduced access to reproductive healthcare, fewer women and pregnant people obtained an ultrasound to determine gestational length. Countries with a supportive abortion law and strong lockdown measurements experienced COVID-19 as a greater barrier to access abortion care compared with countries with a less supportive abortion law, where access was already very restricted. However, COVID-19 posed a major barrier for women and pregnant people in countries with a restrictive abortion law as well. Telemedicine helped to address the barriers to abortion care, but availability was and remains insufficient. There is an urgent need for policymakers to expand access to medical abortion by allowing and encouraging the use of telemedicine, changing the interpretation of laws, and allowing self-management of medical abortion. Such changes will enable women and pregnant people to access safe medical abortion care, ensuring the right to abortion, including during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Anonymised data may be available upon reasonable request to Women on Web.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Correction notice This article has been corrected since it was first published. The author order has been changed.
Contributors LTvO conducted the research and analysed the results under the supervision of RG and MW. RG and KG-D also contributed to the analysis. All authors made a substantial contribution to writing the article.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests One of the authors (RG) was employed by the non-governmental organisation that provided the data for the research (Women on Web), and a second author (LTvO) was a student intern at the same organisation.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Although this study was an analysis of secondary, anonymised data, with no direct participant involvement, the research questions were informed by the needs of women who rely on Women on Web to access abortion.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.