Table 5

Multivariable adjusted full and gender-stratified odds ratio estimates of dual method use among sexually active HIV patients who do not desire a pregnancy in the next 6 months

		Dual method [n (%)]	Full model (n=2243)*				Female (n=1430)†				Male (n=834)‡
Variable	Levels	Dual method [n (%)]	AOR	95% CI		p	AOR	95% CI		p	AOR	95% CI		p
Country	Kenya	261 (27.7)	1.00			0.010	1.00			<0.0001	1.00			0.76
	Namibia	279 (34.4)	1.56	0.92	2.64		2.78	1.68	4.61		0.74	0.33	1.66
	Tanzania	146 (18.5)	0.66	0.40	1.11		0.59	0.37	0.95		0.90	0.41	1.97
Gender	Female	498 (30.7)	1.54	1.21	1.97	0.001	NA
Gender	Male	188 (20.4)	1.00
Age in years	Mean (SD) (median; 25–75% percentile)	37 (8.4) (36; 31–42)	0.96	0.95	0.98	<0.0001	0.94	0.92	0.96	<0.0001	0.98	0.95	1.00	0.06
Education	None	59 (27.1)	1.12	0.76	1.66	0.07	1.16	0.69	1.96	0.163	1.35	0.70	2.59	0.66
	Primary	317 (23.5)	0.81	0.65	1.01		0.81	0.61	1.07		1.04	0.70	1.54
	Secondary	309 (31.9)	1.00				1.00				1.00
Marital status*	Married/living together	406 (26.3)	0.79	0.53	1.17	0.04	0.63	0.40	1.00	0.018	1.18	0.47	2.97	0.08
	Divorced/separated	60 (23.4)	0.62	0.39	0.97		0.50	0.29	0.85		0.42	0.14	1.30
	Widowed	48 (28.7)	1.19	0.72	1.96		1.09	0.62	1.91		1.34	0.33	5.44
	Never married	172 (30.1)	1.00				1.00				1.00
Living children (n)	0	24 (14.6)	0.32	0.18	0.55	<0.0001	0.17	0.08	0.34	<0.0001	1.50	0.53	4.30	0.30
	1	124 (24.7)	0.65	0.47	0.91		0.49	0.32	0.76		0.81	0.45	1.46
	2	184 (28.1)	0.77	0.58	1.03		0.66	0.45	0.96		0.77	0.46	1.29
	3	176 (33.1)	1.08	0.81	1.43		0.91	0.63	1.32		1.30	0.78	2.14
	≥4	178 (26.0)	1.00				1.00				1.00
Time since HIV diagnosis (years)	<1	146 (22.7)	1.26	0.96	1.66	0.022	1.45	1.02	2.06	0.003	1.14	0.68	1.91	0.88
	1 to <2	140 (23.8)	0.93	0.69	1.26		0.87	0.60	1.29		1.16	0.68	2.00
	2 to <3	172 (32.2)	0.80	0.60	1.07		0.72	0.50	1.04		0.98	0.58	1.66
	3+	228 (29.5)	1.00				1.00				1.00
On ARVs	Yes	403 (25.1)	0.93	0.74	1.16	0.52	0.91	0.69	1.20	0.500	0.91	0.59	1.41	0.68
On ARVs	No	282 (30.1)	1.00				1.00				1.00
CD4 count	<200	125 (22.4)	0.89	0.64	1.22	0.90	0.75	0.50	1.13	0.35	1.24	0.67	2.30	0.27
	201–349	201 (27.4)	0.96	0.74	1.26		0.80	0.57	1.12		1.59	0.91	2.79
	350–500	173 (28.9)	0.96	0.73	1.27		0.99	0.72	1.37		1.09	0.59	2.01
	>500	185 (29.4)	1.00				1.00				1.00
Duration of partnership (years)	<1	70 (25.3)	0.92	0.62	1.36	0.57	1.24	0.78	1.97	0.73	0.43	0.17	1.12	0.019
	1 to <2	56 (23.1)	0.74	0.51	1.09		1.00	0.64	1.55		0.12	0.03	0.53
	2 to <4	88 (26.2)	0.84	0.62	1.15		0.87	0.59	1.27		0.76	0.42	1.38
	≥4	431 (28.6)	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Unknown/not reported	41 (22.7)	0.87	0.52	1.46		1.09	0.60	2.00		0.26	0.06	1.21
Disclosed to partner	Yes	582 (28.7)	1.03	0.71	1.48	0.88	1.04	0.69	1.58	0.85	0.92	0.36	2.32	0.85
Disclosed to partner	No	93 (21.4)	1.00				1.00				1.00
Knowledge of partner's HIV status	Partner known HIV-positive	359 (30.1)	1.18	0.85	1.63	0.25	1.44	0.99	2.11	0.17	0.78	0.37	1.68	0.11
	Partner known HIV-negative	127 (27.4)	1.27	0.96	1.69		1.21	0.87	1.67		1.31	0.66	2.59
	Partner HIV status unknown	189 (23.4)	1.00				1.00				1.00
Respondent reports partner desire for pregnancy in next 6 months	Partner wants pregnancy	61 (22.3)	1.00			0.001	1.00			0.019	1.00			0.18
	Partner does not want pregnancy	574 (28.1)	1.51	1.08	2.11		1.37	0.95	2.00		2.50	0.91	6.86
	Unknown/not reported	22 (14.3)	0.71	0.39	1.30		0.52	0.22	1.25		1.99	0.60	6.64
Comfortable asking partner to use condoms	Comfortable	668 (28.3)	3.58	2.04	6.25	<0.0001	4.84	2.33	10.00	<0.0001	2.59	1.02	6.67	0.046
Comfortable asking partner to use condoms	Not comfortable	18 (10.5)	1.00				1.00				1.00
Partner violence or forced sex in last 6 months	Violence in last 6 months	62 (29.7)	1.02	0.71	1.47	0.52	0.95	0.63	1.45	0.72	1.20	0.52	2.70	0.30
	Never or violence >6 months ago	503 (25.9)	1.00				1.00				1.00
	Unknown/not reported	121 (31.0)	0.87	0.58	1.32		0.84	0.52	1.35		0.78	0.30	2.04
HCP discuss FP, safe pregnancy or provide referral in past 6 months	Yes	482 (31.0)	1.37	1.10	1.69	0.006	1.59	1.19	2.13	0.002	1.14	0.79	1.64	0.49
	No	201 (20.6)	1.00				1.00				1.00

*95% of n=2366 observations converged in the full multivariable model.
†94% of n=1518 observations converged in the female multivariable model.
‡98% of n=848 observations converged in the male multivariable model.
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; ARVs, antiretrovirals; CI, confidence interval; FP, family planning; HCP, health care provider; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.