Characteristic (n=1311) | Unmet need for contraception† | Unmet need for a highly effective non-barrier contraceptive method‡ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | |
Country site | ||||
Togo | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Burkina Faso | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) | 0.75 (0.50–1.11) | 0.62 (0.53–0.74)*** | 0.72 (0.61–0.83)*** |
Swaziland | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | 0.70 (0.56–0.89)** | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) |
Age (years) | ||||
16–24 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
25–34 | 0.80 (0.68–0.93)** | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) | 0.94 (0.80–1.09) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) |
35+ | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 1.34 (1.00–1.80) | 1.24 (1.05–1.46)* | 1.48 (1.21–1.81)*** |
Education completed | ||||
Less than primary | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Primary | 1.07 (0.78–1.47) | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | |
Middle school or beyond | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | |
Average monthly income (US$) | ||||
<150 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
150–299 | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 0.95 (0.77–1.16) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | |
300+ | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 0.91 (0.70–1.19) | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) | |
Children (n) | ||||
0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1 | 0.76 (0.64–0.91)** | 0.79 (0.66–0.96)* | 0.76 (0.64–0.89)** | 0.74 (0.60–0.91)** |
2+ | 0.63 (0.56–0.72)*** | 0.63 (0.50–0.79)*** | 0.75 (0.68–0.83)*** | 0.62 (0.52–0.75)*** |
Immigrant to current country | ||||
Yes | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 1.21 (1.11–1.31)*** | 1.16 (1.07–1.26)*** | |
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Ever forced to have sex against will | ||||
Yes | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.79 (0.70–0.90)*** | 0.84 (0.74–0.95)** | |
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Ever physically abused or hurt | ||||
Yes | 0.92 (0.76–1.13) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | ||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Currently has a non-paying partner | ||||
Yes | 2.22 (1.51–3.27)*** | 2.29 (1.55–3.38)*** | 0.86 (0.75–0.98)* | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) |
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
HIV status at baseline | ||||
HIV-negative | Ref | Ref | ||
HIV-positive, previously diagnosed | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 1.14 (0.85–1.52) | ||
HIV-positive, no reported prior diagnosis | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | ||
Difficult access to health care | ||||
Yes | 0.91 (0.73–1.12) | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) | ||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Afraid of seeking health care | ||||
Yes | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) | 0.84 (0.71–0.99)* | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | |
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Consistent condom use in past 30 days | ||||
Yes | – | 1.33 (1.15–1.53)*** | 1.24 (1.08–1.42)** | |
No | – | Ref | Ref |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
†Women were considered to have an unmet need for contraception if they were not using a highly effective non-barrier method of contraception and did not report using condoms during all sex acts during the prior 30 days. Women who had undergone a permanent method of family planning (i.e. sterilisation) were considered to have a met contraceptive need.
‡Women were considered to be using a highly effective method of non-barrier contraception if they were using oral contraception, injectable contraception, implants, intrauterine devices or sterilisation.
CI, confidence interval.