Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the association between socioeconomic status, family attitudes, parent–adolescent communication and risky sexual and reproductive health (no condom use at first intercourse, sexually transmitted infection acquisition, pregnancy)
Variable | No condom use at first intercourse† | STI acquisition† | Pregnancy/got partner pregnant‡ | |||||||||
Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | |||||||
aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
Hometown | ||||||||||||
Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Suburban | 0.86 | 0.73 to 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.87 to 1.28 | 0.87 | 0.55 to 1.39 | 0.66 | 0.36 to 1.21 | 0.75 | 0.51 to 1.09 | 0.59* | 0.39 to 0.90 |
Urban | 0.77** | 0.65 to 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.74 to 1.08 | 0.85 | 0.53 to 1.36 | 0.64 | 0.35 to 1.15 | 0.83 | 0.57 to 1.20 | 0.61* | 0.41 to 0.92 |
Maternal educational attainment | ||||||||||||
Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Primary school | 0.67*** | 0.53 to 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.59 to 1.00 | 0.46** | 0.28 to 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.29 to 1.43 | 0.66 | 0.43 to 1.02 | 0.72 | 0.43 to 1.19 |
Middle or high school | 0.60*** | 0.49 to 0.75 | 0.70** | 0.55 to 0.89 | 0.31*** | 0.19 to 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.31 to 1.31 | 0.45*** | 0.30 to 0.68 | 0.47** | 0.29 to 0.77 |
College and above | 0.54*** | 0.42 to 0.68 | 0.60*** | 0.45 to 0.79 | 0.33*** | 0.19 to 0.58 | 0.36* | 0.15 to 0.88 | 0.28*** | 0.16 to 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.33 to 1.04 |
Monthly expenditure (USD) | ||||||||||||
<150 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
150–249 | 0.81 | 0.63 to 1.03 | 0.91 | 0.69 to 1.19 | 0.58 | 0.31 to 1.06 | 2.06 | 0.61 to 6.98 | 1.10 | 0.63 to 1.94 | 0.85 | 0.48 to 1.51 |
250–300 | 0.76* | 0.59 to 0.97 | 0.74* | 0.56 to 0.96 | 0.49* | 0.26 to 0.91 | 1.78 | 0.52 to 6.10 | 0.71 | 0.39 to 1.28 | 0.58 | 0.31 to 1.06 |
≥300 | 0.88 | 0.70 to 1.11 | 0.74* | 0.57 to 0.95 | 0.78 | 0.44 to 1.39 | 2.56 | 0.78 to 8.43 | 1.10 | 0.63 to 1.91 | 0.96 | 0.55 to 1.67 |
Family attitudes towards sex | ||||||||||||
Closed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Neutral | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.10 | 0.91 | 0.79 to 1.06 | 1.19 | 0.81 to 1.75 | 0.86 | 0.52 to 1.44 | 1.01 | 0.71 to 1.44 | 0.93 | 0.66 to 1.33 |
Open | 1.06 | 0.87 to 1.28 | 1.07 | 0.90 to 1.27 | 1.34 | 0.80 to 2.23 | 0.76 | 0.40 to 1.43 | 1.32 | 0.83 to 2.10 | 1.10 | 0.75 to 1.62 |
Parent–adolescent communication about sex | ||||||||||||
Seldom | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Medium | 0.85** | 0.76 to 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.80 to 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.75 to 1.42 | 1.30 | 0.83 to 2.03 | 0.78 | 0.59 to 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.76 to 1.40 |
Frequent | 0.86 | 0.65 to 1.14 | 1.06 | 0.77 to 1.47 | 1.58 | 0.81 to 3.08 | 2.86* | 1.23 to 6.63 | 0.87 | 0.43 to 1.74 | 1.78 | 0.96 to 3.32 |
Observations (n) | 6641 | 4906 | 6641 | 4906 | 6622 | 4267 |
Adjusted for age, region, maternal education, personal expenditure, family attitudes toward sex and parent–adolescent communication about sex.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Analysis was in adolescents who had been sexually active (had sexual intercourse) (n=11 547).
‡Analysis was in adolescents who had engaged in heterosexual intercourse (n=10 889).
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; STI, sexually transmitted infection; USD, United States dollars.