Variable | No condom use at first intercourse† | STI acquisition† | Pregnancy/got partner pregnant‡ | |||||||||
Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | |||||||
aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
Hometown | ||||||||||||
Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Suburban | 0.86 | 0.73 to 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.87 to 1.28 | 0.87 | 0.55 to 1.39 | 0.66 | 0.36 to 1.21 | 0.75 | 0.51 to 1.09 | 0.59* | 0.39 to 0.90 |
Urban | 0.77** | 0.65 to 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.74 to 1.08 | 0.85 | 0.53 to 1.36 | 0.64 | 0.35 to 1.15 | 0.83 | 0.57 to 1.20 | 0.61* | 0.41 to 0.92 |
Maternal educational attainment | ||||||||||||
Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Primary school | 0.67*** | 0.53 to 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.59 to 1.00 | 0.46** | 0.28 to 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.29 to 1.43 | 0.66 | 0.43 to 1.02 | 0.72 | 0.43 to 1.19 |
Middle or high school | 0.60*** | 0.49 to 0.75 | 0.70** | 0.55 to 0.89 | 0.31*** | 0.19 to 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.31 to 1.31 | 0.45*** | 0.30 to 0.68 | 0.47** | 0.29 to 0.77 |
College and above | 0.54*** | 0.42 to 0.68 | 0.60*** | 0.45 to 0.79 | 0.33*** | 0.19 to 0.58 | 0.36* | 0.15 to 0.88 | 0.28*** | 0.16 to 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.33 to 1.04 |
Monthly expenditure (USD) | ||||||||||||
<150 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
150–249 | 0.81 | 0.63 to 1.03 | 0.91 | 0.69 to 1.19 | 0.58 | 0.31 to 1.06 | 2.06 | 0.61 to 6.98 | 1.10 | 0.63 to 1.94 | 0.85 | 0.48 to 1.51 |
250–300 | 0.76* | 0.59 to 0.97 | 0.74* | 0.56 to 0.96 | 0.49* | 0.26 to 0.91 | 1.78 | 0.52 to 6.10 | 0.71 | 0.39 to 1.28 | 0.58 | 0.31 to 1.06 |
≥300 | 0.88 | 0.70 to 1.11 | 0.74* | 0.57 to 0.95 | 0.78 | 0.44 to 1.39 | 2.56 | 0.78 to 8.43 | 1.10 | 0.63 to 1.91 | 0.96 | 0.55 to 1.67 |
Family attitudes towards sex | ||||||||||||
Closed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Neutral | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.10 | 0.91 | 0.79 to 1.06 | 1.19 | 0.81 to 1.75 | 0.86 | 0.52 to 1.44 | 1.01 | 0.71 to 1.44 | 0.93 | 0.66 to 1.33 |
Open | 1.06 | 0.87 to 1.28 | 1.07 | 0.90 to 1.27 | 1.34 | 0.80 to 2.23 | 0.76 | 0.40 to 1.43 | 1.32 | 0.83 to 2.10 | 1.10 | 0.75 to 1.62 |
Parent–adolescent communication about sex | ||||||||||||
Seldom | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Medium | 0.85** | 0.76 to 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.80 to 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.75 to 1.42 | 1.30 | 0.83 to 2.03 | 0.78 | 0.59 to 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.76 to 1.40 |
Frequent | 0.86 | 0.65 to 1.14 | 1.06 | 0.77 to 1.47 | 1.58 | 0.81 to 3.08 | 2.86* | 1.23 to 6.63 | 0.87 | 0.43 to 1.74 | 1.78 | 0.96 to 3.32 |
Observations (n) | 6641 | 4906 | 6641 | 4906 | 6622 | 4267 |
Adjusted for age, region, maternal education, personal expenditure, family attitudes toward sex and parent–adolescent communication about sex.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†Analysis was in adolescents who had been sexually active (had sexual intercourse) (n=11 547).
‡Analysis was in adolescents who had engaged in heterosexual intercourse (n=10 889).
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; STI, sexually transmitted infection; USD, United States dollars.