Table 4

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the association between socioeconomic status, family attitudes, parent–adolescent communication and risky sexual and reproductive health (no condom use at first intercourse, sexually transmitted infection acquisition, pregnancy)

VariableNo condom use at first intercourse†STI acquisition†Pregnancy/got partner pregnant‡
FemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemalesMales
aOR95% CIaOR95% CIaOR95% CIaOR95% CIaOR95% CIaOR95% CI
Hometown
 RuralRefRefRefRefRefRef
 Suburban0.860.73 to 1.031.050.87 to 1.280.870.55 to 1.390.660.36 to 1.210.750.51 to 1.090.59*0.39 to 0.90
 Urban0.77** 0.65 to 0.910.890.74 to 1.080.850.53 to 1.360.640.35 to 1.150.830.57 to 1.200.61*0.41 to 0.92
Maternal educational attainment
 IlliterateRefRefRefRefRefRef
 Primary school0.67*** 0.53 to 0.850.770.59 to 1.000.46** 0.28 to 0.770.650.29 to 1.430.660.43 to 1.020.720.43 to 1.19
 Middle or high school0.60*** 0.49 to 0.750.70** 0.55 to 0.890.31*** 0.19 to 0.500.640.31 to 1.310.45***0.30 to 0.680.47**0.29 to 0.77
 College and above0.54*** 0.42 to 0.680.60*** 0.45 to 0.790.33*** 0.19 to 0.580.36* 0.15 to 0.880.28***0.16 to 0.470.590.33 to 1.04
Monthly expenditure (USD)
 <150RefRefRefRefRefRef
 150–2490.810.63 to 1.030.910.69 to 1.190.580.31 to 1.062.060.61 to 6.981.100.63 to 1.940.850.48 to 1.51
 250–3000.76* 0.59 to 0.970.74* 0.56 to 0.960.49* 0.26 to 0.911.780.52 to 6.100.710.39 to 1.280.580.31 to 1.06
 ≥3000.880.70 to 1.110.74* 0.57 to 0.950.780.44 to 1.392.560.78 to 8.431.100.63 to 1.910.960.55 to 1.67
Family attitudes towards sex
 ClosedRefRefRefRefRefRef
 Neutral0.960.84 to 1.100.910.79 to 1.061.190.81 to 1.750.860.52 to 1.441.010.71 to 1.440.930.66 to 1.33
 Open1.060.87 to 1.281.070.90 to 1.271.340.80 to 2.230.760.40 to 1.431.320.83 to 2.101.100.75 to 1.62
Parent–adolescent communication about sex
 SeldomRefRefRefRefRefRef
 Medium0.85** 0.76 to 0.950.910.80 to 1.041.030.75 to 1.421.300.83 to 2.030.780.59 to 1.021.030.76 to 1.40
 Frequent0.860.65 to 1.141.060.77 to 1.471.580.81 to 3.082.86* 1.23 to 6.630.870.43 to 1.741.780.96 to 3.32
Observations (n)664149066641490666224267
  • Adjusted for age, region, maternal education, personal expenditure, family attitudes toward sex and parent–adolescent communication about sex.

  • *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

  • †Analysis was in adolescents who had been sexually active (had sexual intercourse) (n=11 547).

  • ‡Analysis was in adolescents who had engaged in heterosexual intercourse (n=10 889).

  • aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; STI, sexually transmitted infection; USD, United States dollars.