First author, publication year | Income category | Study arms/groups | Sample size | Age mean (SD) | Age median (range) | IUD type | Delivery type | IUD provider | IUD insertion technique | Timing of IUD insertion postpartum |
Braniff, 201561 | High | Insertion time: 10 min | 25 | 31.0 (4.9) | NR | Hormonal | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | IUD inserter | At caesarean delivery |
Boydell, 202062 | High | Overall | 35 | NR | NR | Both | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Within 48 hours |
Chen, 201063 | High | Insertion time: 10 min | 51 | 25.4 (5.3) | NR | Hormonal | Vaginal | NR | IUD inserter, ring forceps or manually | 10 min |
Cohen, 201656 | High | Overall | 82 | 18.8 (1.6) | NR | Both | Both | NR | NR | 10 min |
Cole, 201942 | High | Overall | 116 | NR | 26 (IQR 22–30) | Hormonal | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually, ring forceps or IUD inserter | 10 min |
Colwill, 201839 | High | Delivery type: CS | 73 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Manually | 10 min |
Colwill, 201839 | High | Delivery type: VD | 137 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Colwill, 201839 | High | Overall | 210 | 28.3 (5.7) | NR | Copper | Both | NR | Ring forceps or manually | 10 min |
Cooper, 202031 | High | Overall | 379 | 30 (NR) | NR (16–44) | Both | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | First 48 hours |
Dahlke, 201164 | High | Insertion time: 10 min | 15 | 24.8 | NR | Hormonal | Vaginal | NR | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Dahlke, 201164 | High | Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 15 | 26 | NR | Hormonal | Vaginal | NR | Ring forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Eggebroten, 201765 | High | IUD type: copper | 88 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | NR | 10 min |
Eggebroten, 201765 | High | IUD type: hormonal | 123 | NR | NR | Hormonal | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | NR | 10 min |
Gallagher, 201966 | High | Overall | 195 | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | NR | Intra-caesarean |
Goldthwaite, 201767 | High | IUD type: hormonal | 68 | 26.2 (5.3) | NR | Hormonal | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Ring forceps or manually | 10–46 min |
Goldthwaite, 201767 | High | IUD type: copper | 55 | 27.4 (5.4) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Ring forceps or manually | 10–46 min |
Gonzalez, 202068 | High | Overall | 93 | 31.35 (4.96) | NR | Both | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | IUD inserter or ring forceps | During caesarean |
Gurney, 201847 | High | Overall | 200 | 27.7 (5.1) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps, manually or ring forceps | 10 min |
Gurney, 202069 | High | Overall | 109 | 27.9 (4.8) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | NR | Intra-caesarean |
Heller, 201730 | High | Overall | 877 | NR | 33 (21–41) | Both | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | IUD inserter | Intra-caesarean |
Hinz, 201949 | High | Overall | 114 | NR | NR | Both | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Hinz, 201949 | High | IUD type: hormonal | 75 | 30.3 (5.2) | NR | Both | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Hinz, 201949 | High | IUD type: copper | 39 | 31.5 (6.2) | NR | Both | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Jatlaoui, 201443 | High | Overall | 99 | 23.7 (4.6) | NR | Both | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | IUD inserter or ring forceps | 10 min |
Levi, 201270 | High | Overall | 90 | NR | 30 (NR) | Copper | Caesarean | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Levi, 201570 | High | Overall | 112 | 28 (5.7) | NR | Both | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps or IUD inserter | 10 min |
Moniz, 201971 | High | Overall | 396 073 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 36 hours |
Ritter, 202172 | High | Overall | 87 193 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ‘Immediate postpregnancy IUD placement’ |
Sinkey, 202173 | High | Overall | 159 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10 min to discharge |
Smith, 202127 | High | Overall | 700 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10 min to 7 days |
Soon, 201874 | High | Overall | 6 | 18.33 (1.03) | NR | Hormonal | Vaginal | Investigators | Manually | 10 min |
Stuart, 201538 | High | Overall | 17 | NR | 28 (IQR 25–30) | Hormonal | Vaginal | NR | IUD inserter or ring forceps | 6–48 hours |
Turok, 201775 | High | Overall | 319 | NR | NR | Hormonal | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps or Kelly’s forceps | 30 min |
Wallace Huff, 202176 | High | Overall | 199 | NR | NR (18–44) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Before discharge |
Whitaker, 201455 | High | Overall | 42 | 27.1 (6.2) | NR | Hormonal | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Whiteman, 201228 | High | Overall | 920 | 27.4 (NR) | NR | Both | Both | NR | NR | Before discharge |
Woo, 201577 | High | Overall | 133 | 27 (NR) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ‘Immediate postpartum period’ |
Wu, 202078 | High | Overall | 9561 | 28.4 (6.0) | NR | Both | Both | NR | NR | Before discharge |
Ariadi, 201779 | Upper-middle | Insertion technique: non-sutured CS | 44 | 27.75 (5.22) | NR | NR | Caesarean | NR | NR | Intra-caesarean |
Ariadi, 201779 | Upper-middle | Insertion technique: sutured CS | 44 | 27.95 (5.05) | NR | NR | Caesarean | NR | NR | Intra-caesarean |
Çelen, 201158 | Upper-middle | Overall | 245 | 26.4 (5.6) | 26 (range 18–41) | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | Ring forceps | 10 min |
da Silva, 202080 | Upper-middle | Overall | 184 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | ‘Immediate postpartum period’ |
da Silva Nobrega, 202181 | Upper-middle | Overall | 997 | 27.2 (6.9) | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | 10 min |
Eser 201882 | Upper-middle | Overall | 100 | NR | 30 (18–40) | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Gunardi, 202183 | Upper-middle | Overall | 94 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Hochmuller, 202084 | Upper-middle | Overall | 124 | 26 (IQR 22–32) | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually, Foerster or De Lee Forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Kestler, 201185 | Upper-middle | Delivery type: CS | 63 188 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | NR | ‘Before hospital discharge’ |
Kestler, 201185 | Upper-middle | Delivery type: VD | 155 468 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | NR | ‘Before hospital discharge’ |
Laporte, 202086 | Upper-middle | IUD type: copper | 70 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | IUD inserter or manually | 10 min |
Laporte, 202086 | Upper-middle | IUD type: hormonal | 70 | NR | NR | Hormonal | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min |
Marangoni, 202187 | Upper-middle | Overall | 70 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min or intracaesarean |
Singata-Madliki 201688 | Upper-middle | Overall | 123 | NR | 26.5 (IQR 11–22) | Copper | NR | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | ‘Inserted the IUDs according to standard protocols in the immediate postnatal period’ |
Sucak, 201589 | Upper-middle | Delivery type: CS (emergency) | 47 | 25.3 (5.2) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Sucak, 201589 | Upper-middle | Delivery type: VD | 62 | 26.6 (4.4) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Investigators | IUD inserter | 10 min |
Sucak, 201589 | Upper-middle | Delivery type: CS (planned) | 51 | 27.7 (5.1) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Trigueiro, 202190 | Upper-middle | Overall | 828 | 25.9 (6.27) | NR (14–44) | Copper | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Unal 201891 | Upper-middle | Insertion technique: GyneFix | 70 | NR | 30 (22–40) | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | IUD inserter | 10 min |
Unal 201891 | Upper-middle | Insertion technique: sponge forceps | 70 | NR | 32 (20–41) | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | Sponge-holding forceps | 10 min |
Zaconeta, 201992 | Upper-middle | Overall | 100 | 27.7 (5.6) (95% CI 26.6 to 28.7 years) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | 10 min |
Abro 201893 | Lower-middle | Overall | 220 | 29.66 (3.89) | NR; 95% CI 29.14 to 30.18 | NR | Vaginal | NR | NR | 10 min |
Agarwal, 201794 | Lower-middle | IUD type: copper | 50 | 22.85 (2.59) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | Manually | Intra-caesarean |
Agarwal, 201794 | Lower-middle | IUD type: CuT380A | 50 | 23.4 (2.26) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Investigators | Manually | Intra-caesarean |
Agrawal, 202195 | Lower-middle | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Within 48 hours |
Akram, 201896 | Lower-middle | Overall | 100 | 29.42 (3.96) | NR | NR | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | NR | 10 min |
Alam, 201497 | Lower-middle | Overall | 100 | 28.1 (4.2) | 28 (21–39) | Copper | NR | NR | Manually or IUD inserter | 10 min |
Bayoumi, 202098 | Lower-middle | Overall | 500 | 31.5 (4.3) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps | Within 48 hours |
Bhadra 201899 | Lower-middle | Overall | 19 170 | NR | NR | NR | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | 10 min |
Bhat 201640 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 min Delivery type: VD | 130 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Bhat 201640 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 48 hours Delivery type: VD | 211 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Bhat 201640 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 339 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Manually, ring forceps or IUD inserter | 10 min |
Bhat 201640 | Lower-middle | Overall | 680 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Bhutta, 201145 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 50 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Manually | 10 min |
Blumenthal 2018100 | Lower-middle | Insertion technique: PPIUD inserter | 241 | 25 (4) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | IUD inserter | 10 min to 48 hours |
Blumenthal 2018100 | Lower-middle | Insertion technique: Kelly forceps | 239 | 25 (4.6) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Blumenthal, 2016101 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 to 15 min | 74 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Trained nurse/midwife | Ring forceps or sponge-holding forceps | 10 min |
Blumenthal, 2016101 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 15 min to 48 hours | 217 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Trained nurse/midwife | Ring forceps or sponge-holding forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Blumenthal, 2016101 | Lower-middle | Overall | 305 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Trained nurse/midwife | Ring forceps or sponge-holding forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Butt, 2020102 | Lower-middle | Overall | 324 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Chakheni, 2017103 | Lower-middle | Insertion technique: Kelly forceps | 50 | 24.5 | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Kelly’s forceps | Intra-caesarean |
Dewan, 2017104 | Lower-middle | Vaginal | 63 | 24.9 (3.6) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Dewan, 2017104 | Lower-middle | Caesarean | 285 | 24.9 (3.6) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | ring forceps | 10 min |
Dewan, 201936 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 208 210 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Dias, 2016105 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 60 | 26.4 (5.6) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | Immediately after delivery |
Dias, 2016105 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 31 | 29.7 (5.9) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | Immediately after delivery |
Divakar, 2019106 | Lower-middle | Overall | 66 508 | 24.5 (4.3) | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | Up to 48 hours |
El Beltagy, 2011107 | Lower-middle | IUD type: copper | 150 | 25.27 (5.5) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
El Beltagy, 2011107 | Lower-middle | IUD type: hormonal | 150 | 25.37 (5.74) | NR | Hormonal | Vaginal | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Elshamy, 2021108 | Lower-middle | IUD type: copper | 550 | 29.2 (3.4) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Elshamy, 2021108 | Lower-middle | IUD type: hormonal | 550 | 29.5 (3.3) | NR | Hormonal | Vaginal | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Elsedeek, 2012109 | Lower-middle | IUD type: copper | 75 | 31.0 (3.8) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Manually | During caesarean |
Elsedeek, 2012109 | Lower-middle | IUD type: hormonal | 65 | 32.7 (2.7) | NR | Hormonal | Caesarean | NR | Manually | During caesarean |
Elsedeek, 2015110 | Lower-middle | IUD type: copper | 63 | 32.3 (4.7) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Manually | During caesarean |
Elsedeek, 2015110 | Lower-middle | IUD type: hormonal | 80 | 37.5 (3.3) | NR | Hormonal | Caesarean | NR | Manually | During caesarean |
Eluwa 2016111 | Lower-middle | Overall | 728 | NR | 28 (24–32) | Copper | NR | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Eluwa 2016111 | Lower-middle | Insertion technique: manual | 77 | NR | NR | Copper | NR | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Manually | 10 min |
Eluwa 2016111 | Lower-middle | Insertion technique: Kelly forceps | 223 | NR | NR | Copper | NR | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Fatema, 2018112 | Lower-middle | Overall | 370 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | Within 48 hours |
Fatima 2018113 | Lower-middle | Intervention: post-insertion training | 16 359 | NR | 25.0 (21.0–28.0) | Copper | NR | NR | NR | Up to 48 hours |
Fatima 2018113 | Lower-middle | Intervention: pre-insertion training | 16 359 | NR | 25.0 (21.0–28.0) | Copper | NR | NR | NR | Up to 48 hours |
Ghafoor, 2020114 | Lower-middle | Overall | 108 | 26.7 (4.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Within 48 hours |
Gueye, 2013115 | Lower-middle | Overall | 59 | 28 (16–44) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Manually or IUD inserter | 10 min |
Gupta, 2018116 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 247 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Gupta, 2018116 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 355 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | NR | 10 min |
Gupta, 2018116 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD Insertion time: up to 10 min | 814 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Gupta, 2015117 | Lower-middle | Overall | 150 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Gupta, 2014118 | Lower-middle | Overall | 100 | 25.21 (3.41 | NR (18–35) | Copper | Both | NR | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min |
Habib, 2020119 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 60 | 27.6 (6.9) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Habib, 2020119 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 60 | 27.6 (6.9) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Halder 2016120 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 100 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Manually | 10 min |
Halder 2016120 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 10 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Halder 2016120 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD Insertion time: Up to 10 min | 90 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Harani, 2019121 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 127 | 23.6 (3.85) | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Harani, 2019121 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 127 | 25.1 (4.34) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Manually | 10 min |
Hooda, 2016122 | Lower-middle | Overall | 593 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | Kelly’s forceps or ring forceps | Post-placental delivery or intra-caesarean |
Huber-Krum, 2020123 | Lower-middle | Date: May 2016–Apr 2018 | 69 210 | NR | NR | NR | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Within 48 hours |
Ifitikhar, 2019124 | Lower-middle | Overall | 372 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | Within 48 hours |
Jairaj, 201654 | Lower-middle | Overall | 370 | 23.70 (2.95) | NR | NR | Both | NR | Manually | After placental removal |
Jakhar, 2019125 | Lower-middle | Overall | 200 | 24.87 (3.85) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | Intra-caesarean |
Kant, 2016126 | Lower-middle | Overall | 611 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Trained nurse/midwife | NR | 48 hours |
Karra, 2017127 | Lower-middle | Overall | 13 731 | 28.68 (5.5) | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | ‘All women who consented to receiving a PPIUD were interviewed in postnatal recovery wards’ |
Khan, 2018128 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 155 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | 10 min |
Khan, 2018128 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 345 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Khan, 2018128 | Lower-middle | Overall | 500 | 28.47 (8.51) | NR | Copper | Both | NR | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min |
Khan, 202050 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 76 | 29.9 (5.2) | NR (20–42) | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Khan, 202050 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CD | 76 | 29.9 (5.2) | NR (20–42) | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Khurshid, 2020129 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 238 | 27.9 (9.33) | NR (19–35) | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Manually | 10 min |
Kumar, 2014130 | Lower-middle | Overall | 2733 | 24 (4) | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Kumar, 2019131 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 141 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Kumar, 2019131 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 171 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Trained nurse/midwife | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Kumar, 2019131 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 532 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Trained nurse/midwife | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Kumar, 2019131 | Lower-middle | Overall | 844 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Lerma, 202033 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 min | 93 | NR | 24 (19–40) | Copper | Vaginal | NR | IUD inserter or Kelly forceps | 10 min |
Lerma, 202033 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 467 | NR | 25 (18–45) | Copper | Vaginal | NR | IUD inserter or Kelly forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Makins 201833 | Lower-middle | Country: India | 72 195 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Makins 201833 | Lower-middle | Country: Kenya | 72 340 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Trained nurse/midwife | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Makins 201833 | Lower-middle | Country: Tanzania | 81 456 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Trained nurse/midwife | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Makins 201833 | Lower-middle | Country: Bangladesh | 87 951 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Makins 201833 | Lower-middle | Country: Nepal | 119 844 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Makins 201833 | Lower-middle | Country: Sri Lanka | 291 861 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Makins 201833 | Lower-middle | Overall | 725 647 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps, manually or ring forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Mani, 2018132 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 100 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Trained nurse/midwife | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Mani, 2018132 | Lower-middle | Insertion time: 10 min | 100 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Trained nurse/midwife | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Mishra, 2014133 | Lower-middle | Overall | 564 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min |
Mishra, 201748 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 357 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | NR | Intra-caesarean |
Mishra, 201748 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 379 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | NR | Post-placental delivery |
Mishra, 201748 | Lower-middle | Overall | 736 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | Post-placental delivery or intra-caesarean |
Muganyizi 2018134 | Lower-middle | Overall | 40 470 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Trained nurse/midwife | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Ndegwa, 201434 | Lower-middle | Overall | 127 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10 min |
N’Guessan, 202046 | Lower-middle | Overall (subgroup HIV patients only) | 128 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | Post-placental delivery or intra-caesarean |
Nigam 2018135 | Lower-middle | Overall | 550 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | 10 min |
Nisar, 2020136 | Lower-middle | Overall | 8003 | 29.8 (3.7) | NR (19–40) | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 24 hours |
Pfitzer, 2015137 | Lower-middle | Country: Philippines | 33 900 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pfitzer, 2015137 | Lower-middle | Country: Pakistan | 34 502 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pfitzer, 2015137 | Lower-middle | Country: India | 1 767 880 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pleah 201635 | Lower-middle | Country: Senegal | 820 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pleah 201635 | Lower-middle | Country: Benin | 2934 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pleah 201635 | Lower-middle | Country: Benin | 4858 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pleah 201635 | Lower-middle | Country: Ivory Coast | 6782 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pradhan, 201925 | Lower-middle | Overall | 15 607 | NR | NR | NR | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | NR | ‘Following delivery’ |
Prager, 2012138 | Lower-middle | Overall | 38 | NR | NR | NR | Both | Trained nurse/midwife | Ring forceps | ‘PPIUDs were inserted in postpartum women. Women were generally discharged after 12–24 hours, which was well within the 48- hour window recommended for PPIUD insertion’ |
Puri, 2020139 | Lower-middle | Overall | 75 571 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Within 48 hours |
Qazi, 2020140 | Lower-middle | Overall | 6283 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Rani, 2015141 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 49 | 24.8 (NR) | NR (19–40) | Copper | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Forceps | 10 min |
Rani, 2015141 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CD | 50 | 24.9 (NR) | NR (19–40) | Copper | Caesarean | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Forceps | 10 min |
Rwegoshora, 2020142 | Lower-middle | Overall | 20 276 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Within 48 hours |
Shukla, 2012143 | Lower-middle | Overall | 1317 | NR | NR (22–30) | Copper | Both | NR | Sponge-holding forceps | 10 min |
Singal, 2014144 | Lower-middle | Overall | 300 | 23.12 (2.42) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Singal, 2021145 | Lower-middle | Overall | 4012 | 25.1 (NR) | NR | NR | NR | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Within 48 hours |
Singh 2016146 | Lower-middle | Overall | 80 | NR | NR (18–37) | NR | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Singh, 2021147 | Lower-middle | Insertion technique: long inserter | 292 | NR | NR (range 20–40) | Copper | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | IUD inserter (long) | 10 min to 48 hours |
Singh, 2021147 | Lower-middle | Insertion technique: conventional method | 301 | NR | NR (range 20–40) | Copper | Vaginal | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Sodje, 2016148 | Lower-middle | Overall | 374 | NR | 38 (19–49) | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Thapa, 2020149 | Lower-middle | Overall | 29 072 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | ‘Immediate postpartum family planning… immediately after childbirth’ |
Vishwakarma, 2020150 | Lower-middle | Overall | 1029 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | 10 min to 48 hours |
Wasim, 2018151 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: CS | 350 | NR | NR | Copper | Caesarean | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Manually | 10 min |
Wasim, 2018151 | Lower-middle | Delivery type: VD | 900 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min |
Wasim, 2018151 | Lower-middle | Overall | 3012 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | Kelly’s forceps or manually | 10 min |
Weerasekera 2018152 | Lower-middle | Overall | 184 433 | NR | NR | NR | Both | Doctor/consultant/ surgeon | NR | Immediately after delivery |
Yadav, 2016153 | Lower-middle | Overall | 28 688 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Yadav, 2020154 | Lower-middle | Overall | 20 418 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Zaman, 2020155 | Lower-middle | Overall | 140 | NR | NR (20–45) | Copper | NR | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Ragab, 201526 | Lower-middle and high | Overall | 120 | 29 (5) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | IUD inserter | 10 min |
Bryant, 2013156 | Low | Insertion time: 10 min to 48 hours | 26 | NR | 26 (IQR 22–30) | Copper | Vaginal | Trained nurse/midwife | Ring forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Espey, 2021157 | Low | Overall | 12 068 | 28.3 (NR) | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Postplacental |
Geda, 2021158 | Low | Overall | 286 | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | Within 48 hours |
Ingabire, 2018159 | Low | Overall | 9020 | 28.3 (6.0) | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Kanakuze, 2020160 | Low | Overall | 383 | 28.9 (4.3) | NR | Copper | Both | Trained nurse/midwife | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Lester, 2015161 | Low | Insertion time: 10 min | 34 | 24.6 (5.2) | NR | Copper | Caesarean | NR | Ring forceps | 10 min |
Melkie, 2021162 | Low | Overall | 423 | 29.5 (4.2) | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Ngonzi, 2021163 | Low | Overall | 167 | NR | NR | Copper | Vaginal | NR | Ring forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Omona, 2020164 | Low | Overall | 202 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pfitzer, 2015137 | Low | Country: Ethiopia | 16 389 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pfitzer, 2015137 | Low | Country: Guinea | 20 699 | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pfitzer, 2015137 | Low | Country: Rwanda | NR | NR | NR | Copper | Both | Any delivering obstetrical provider | Kelly’s forceps | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pleah 201635 | Low | Country: Niger | NR | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Pleah 201635 | Low | Country: Togo | NR | NR | NR | NR | Both | NR | NR | 10 min to 48 hours |
Wayessa, 2020165 | Low | Non-randomised intervention | 471 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Up to 48 hours |
Wayessa, 2020165 | Low | Non-randomised intervention | 237 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Any delivering obstetrical provider | NR | Up to 48 hours |
CD, caesarean delivery; CS, caesarean section; IUD, intrauterine device; NR, not reported; PPIUD, postpartum intrauterine device; VD, vaginal delivery.