Subgroup analysis of sexual and reproductive health empowerment and behavioural skills for clinical and randomised controlled trials (cRCTs/RCTs)
| Subgroup analysis | Categories | Estimate (RR) with 95% CI; Number of studies (n); Heterogeneity: χ2 p value, I2 | |||||
| Any contraception usage | Subgroup difference | Unprotected sex | Subgroup difference | Adolescent pregnancy | Subgroup difference | ||
| Age | Adolescent |
1.17 (1.06, 1.29) n=6; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.41); I² = 3% GRADE Certainty: Moderate | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.20), I² = 38.2% | 0.97 (0.74, 1.26) n=5; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 86% GRADE Certainty: Very low | Not applicable | 1.09 (0.57, 2.07) n=2; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.10); I² = 62% GRADE Certainty: Very low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.51), I² = 0% |
| Adolescent and young adult |
1.55 (1.02, 2.34) n=3; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 93% GRADE Certainty: Very low | 0.33 (0.01, 10.89) n=1; NA GRADE Certainty: Very low | |||||
| Sex | Both sexes | 1.13 (0.87, 1.46) n=4; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.21); I² = 33% GRADE Certainty: Low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.30), I² = 6.4% | 0.96 (0.67, 1.37) n=4; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 89% GRADE Certainty: Very low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.85), I² = 0% | 0.73 (0.38, 1.39) n=2; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.65); I² = 0% GRADE Certainty: Very low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.09), I² = 65.8% |
| Females |
1.36 (1.07, 1.74) n=5; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 87% GRADE Certainty: Very low | 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) n=1; NA GRADE Certainty: Very low | 1.45 (0.92, 2.29) n=1; GRADE Certainty: Low | ||||
| Regions | African region | 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) n=4; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.05); I² = 61% GRADE Certainty: Very low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.11), I² = 60.3% | 0.91 (0.77, 1.09) n=2; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.21); I² = 32% GRADE Certainty: Low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.64), I² = 0% | 1.45 (0.92, 2.29) n=1; NA GRADE Certainty: Very low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.09), I² = 65.8% |
| Regions of America |
1.44 (1.08, 1.92) n=5; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 85% GRADE Certainty: Very low | 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) n=3; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 89% GRADE Certainty: Very low | 0.73 (0.38, 1.39) n=2; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.65); I² = 0% GRADE Certainty: Low | ||||
| Delivery platform | School-based | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) n=4; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.48); I² = 0% GRADE Certainty: Low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.22), I² = 32.4% | 0.94 (0.59, 1.50) n=2; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.01); I² = 76% GRADE Certainty: Very low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.90), I² = 0% | 1.09 (0.57, 2.07) n=2; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p=0.10); I² = 62% GRADE Certainty: Very low | Test for subgroup differences: χ2 (p=0.51), I² = 0% |
| Community-based |
1.72 (1.01, 2.95) n=3; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 94% GRADE Certainty: Very low | 0.98 (0.72, 1.34) n=3; Heterogeneity: χ2 (p<0.00001); I² = 88% GRADE Certainty: Very low | |||||
| Digital-based | 1.12 (0.86, 1.46) n=1; NA GRADE Certainty: Low | 0.33 (0.01, 10.89) n=1; NA GRADE Certainty: Very low | |||||
| Clinic-based |
1.58 (1.03, 2.42) n=1; NA GRADE Certainty: High | ||||||
Bold type denotes statistical significance ; It is defined as the confidence interval capturing the null value 1.
CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; NA, not available; RR, risk ratio.