Assessment of male factor

The assessment of male infertility is largely based around the examination of a freshly produced ejaculate by a trained technician according to laboratory methods agreed by the World Health Organization. Although many suggestions have been made to improve this approach, the basic techniques of semen analysis established in the 1950s are still being used. Although several putative tests of sperm function have been developed (e.g. the measurement of sperm hyperactivation, sperm acrosomal status, or sperm penetration through mucus or binding to zona pellucida), none have made it into routine clinical practice. Recently, several 'new' tests of sperm function and sperm selection have been developed. These include the use of microfluidic chambers, electrophoresis, the binding of sperm to hyaluronic acid, and high magnification sperm selection. Randomised-controlled trials are needed to evaluate these as a replacement or addition to routine semen analysis or current sperm preparation methods.