Thirty years since the discovery of HIV, the HIV pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa accounts for
more than two thirds of the world's HIV infections. Southern Africa remains the region most …

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Summary aimed to determine the effectiveness of the vaginally administered spermicide
nonoxynol-9 (N-9) among women for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted …

Background Reproductive-age women need effective interventions to prevent the
acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Methods We …

Summary Background Nonoxynol-9 (rINN, nonoxinol-9) is an over-the-counter spermicide
that has in-vitro anti-HIV-1 activity. Results of studies of its effectiveness in prevention of HIV …

Background Antiretroviral medications that are used as prophylaxis can prevent acquisition
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, in clinical trials among …

Background Female-initiated HIV-prevention options, such as microbicides, are urgently
needed. We assessed Carraguard, a carrageenan-based compound developed by the …

Background Women make up more than 50% of adults living with human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in sub-Saharan …

Background Innovative prevention strategies for HIV-1 transmission are urgently needed.
PRO2000 vaginal gel was efficacious against HIV-1 transmission in studies in macaques; …

Background Female-controlled methods of HIV prevention are urgently needed. We
assessed the effect of provision of latex diaphragm, lubricant gel, and condoms …